![]() Modern browsers often autocorrect URLs that don’t have the correct components, in order to correct mangled URLs caused by user typos.įor example, Chrome will interpret all of these URLs as pointing to : https: The way the browser redirects the user depends on how the browser differentiates between these components: example, how would the browser redirect this URL? this case, you could try to bypass the protection by using a few strategies, which I’ll go over in this section. Here, you can see the components of a URL. Replace the linked URL with the target page.Ĭlick the link and see if you get redirected to your site automatically or after the required user interactions. ![]() To test for these, set up a page on a domain you own and host this HTML page: Step 4: Test for Referer-Based Open Redirectsįinally, test for referer-based open redirects on any pages you found in step 1 that redirected users despite not containing a redirect URL parameter. In those cases, be sure to carry out the required user interactions before checking for the redirect. ![]() Some sites will redirect to the destination site immediately after you visit the URL, without any user interaction.īut for a lot of pages, the redirect won’t happen until after a user action, like registration, login, or logout. Insert a random hostname, or a hostname you own, into the redirect parameters then see if the siteĪutomatically redirects to the site you specified: Step 3: Test for Parameter-Based Open Redirects These search terms will find URLs such as the following: This search term will find URLs such as this one: Īlternatively, you can search for the names of common URL redirect parameters. The following search term searches URLs that contain =/, and therefore returns URL parameters that contain relative URLs: This search term might find the following pages:Īlso try using %2F, the URL-encoded version of the slash /. The following searches for URL parameters that contain absolute URLs: inurl:%3Dhttp site: Then look for pages that contain URLs in their URL parameters, making use of %3D, the URL encoded version of ( = ) Start by setting your site in the URL : site: Step 2: Use Google Dorks to Find Additional Redirect Parameters These response codes indicate a redirect. To find these pages, you can keep an eye out for 3XX response codes like 301 and 302. These pages are candidates for referer-based open redirects. You should record all parameters that seem to be used for redirect, regardless of their parameter names. I’ve seen redirect parameters named RelayState, next, u, n, and forward. Note that not all redirect parameters may have straightforward names like redirect or redir. If uses a referer-based redirect system, the user’s browser would redirect to the attacker’s site after the user visits, because the browser visited via the attacker’s page. When a user clicks the link, they’ll be redirected to the location specified by the href attribute of the tag, which is in this example. Thus, some sites will redirect to the page’s referrer URL automatically after certain user actions, like login or logout. It’s a common way to determine the user’s location come to form. It tells the server where the request originated from. The referer is an HTTP request header that browsers automatically include. Therefore, the site uses some sort of redirect URL parameter appended to the URL to keep track of the user’s original location.įor example, the URL will redirect to the user’s dashboard, located at, after login.ĭuring an open-redirect attack, an attacker tricks the user into visiting an external site by providing them with a URL from a legitimate site that redirects somewhere else, like this: .Īnother common open-redirect technique is referer-based open redirect. Mechanismsįor example, when these users visit their account dashboards at, the application might redirect them to the login page at. ![]() While this behavior can be useful, it can also cause open redirects. Sites often use HTTP or URL parameters to redirect users to a specified URL without any user action.
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